This courses continues on the base of the first course, building more on top of it. It is intended for those who wish a deeper understanding of the background and details and for chemist who have water chemistry as a main focus. It is foreseen that this course will be more like a workshop, because many participants may have opinions and remarks to the topics introduced. This is very welcome and hopefully will give a lively and interesting session.
The form of this course is as described above for the base course.
• Conditioning - the concepts according to VGB and IAPWS
o All Volatile Treatment (AVT(O) and AVT(R))
o Oxygenated Treatement (OT) - for once-though and drum boilers
o Caustic Treatment (CT)
o Phosphate Treatment (PT)
o Film-Forming Substances (FFS)
• Corrosion products versus conditioning
o Expected levels of corrosion products
o FAC versus conditioning mode
• The treats against the chemical environment - contaminants
o Salts and acids - the obvious source, the unlikely sources and those that should never occur
o Sodium hydroxide - the usual suspects: boiler water and district heating water, other unlikely sources
o Organics - examples of sources, many different possibilities
o Carbon dioxide - Air In-Leakage (AIL) and degradation of organics - carbon dioxide and deaeration, when is it possible?
o Silica - the usual suspects: Demin water and district heating water, distribution between water and steam
• Sampling from the water-steam cycle
o Recommendations from VGB and IAPWS
o The IAPWS TGD - main content and advices
o Audit your sampling system an be surprised
• Monitoring and control
o Recommendations according to VGB and IAPWS
o Discussion/adaption to typical Nordic CHP conditions
o Acid conductivity - the classical setup vs the new membrane units
o Degassed conductivity - good tool in case of AIL and/or organics contamination, limitations
o Sodium monitors - experience regarding control, calibration, etching
o Silica - when are on-line monitors susceptible to errors - can you do without and rely on lab campaigns?
o Turbidity and particle size distribution - why and how?
• Action levels and implementation in DCS
o How to get the important information to the operators? What should be shown in the DCS?
o Procedure for analysing excursions on on-line monitors
o The scheme of reaction according to action level - adaption to your plant?
• Laboratory analyses
o The classical analyses: Conductivity, pH, SiO2, Fe, Cu - are they still relevant?
o Action level thinking in analysis - support in case of a chemical excursion
o Campaigns for documentation of base chemical conditions
o Specialty analyses - cations and anions on trace levels, Non-Volatile Organic Carbon, tracers for organics